Exercise 11 Review Sheet Articulations and Body Movement
Learning Objectives
Past the end of this section, you volition be able to:
- Ascertain the different types of trunk movements
- Identify the joints that allow for these motions
Synovial joints allow the body a tremendous range of movements. Each movement at a synovial joint results from the wrinkle or relaxation of the muscles that are fastened to the bones on either side of the articulation. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial articulation is determined by its structural type. While the ball-and-socket joint gives the greatest range of motility at an individual joint, in other regions of the body, several joints may work together to produce a particular motility. Overall, each type of synovial joint is necessary to provide the body with its great flexibility and mobility. There are many types of motion that can occur at synovial joints (Table 9.i). Movement types are generally paired, with one being the contrary of the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright opinion, with upper limbs to the side of trunk and palms facing forrad. Refer to Effigy 9.12 equally you go through this department.
Interactive Link
Watch this video to learn about anatomical motions. What motions involve increasing or decreasing the angle of the pes at the ankle?
Figure ix.12 Movements of the Body, Part 1 Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to motility. (a)–(b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) airplane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c)–(d) Anterior angle of the caput or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going move is extension. (eastward) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, mitt, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial–lateral) plane of move. Moving the limb or paw laterally abroad from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the trunk, or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, manus, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the caput side to side or twisting of the torso is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation).
Figure 9.thirteen Movements of the Body, Function two (g) Supination of the forearm turns the mitt to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the manus to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an "10." (h) Dorsiflexion of the pes at the ankle joint moves the meridian of the human foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the pes moves the bottom (sole) of the human foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the mentum forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the rima oris, while summit closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same paw and reposition brings the thumb dorsum next to the index finger.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion and extension are typically movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the neck, trunk, or limbs. For the vertebral cavalcade, flexion (anterior flexion) is an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or trunk, while extension involves a posterior-directed motility, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending astern. Lateral flexion of the vertebral column occurs in the coronal aeroplane and is defined every bit the bending of the neck or trunk toward the correct or left side.. These movements of the vertebral cavalcade involve both the symphysis joint formed by each intervertebral disc, as well as the airplane type of synovial joint formed between the junior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of the adjacent lower vertebra.
In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint), while extension increases the angle and straightens the articulation. For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion and all posterior-going motions are extension. These include anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the manus at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. For the pollex, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the paw, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the pollex back against the index finger or into the palm. These motions take identify at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint, while whatever posterior-going movement of the thigh is extension. Note that extension of the thigh beyond the anatomical (standing) position is greatly limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint. Knee flexion is the angle of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee joint. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinge, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints of the limbs (see Effigy 9.12a-d).
Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint across its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the human knee or elbow. In cases of "whiplash" in which the caput is suddenly moved astern then frontward, a patient may experience both hyperextension and hyperflexion of the cervical region.
Abduction and Adduction
Abduction and adduction motions occur inside the coronal aeroplane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the torso, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline. For example, abduction is raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving information technology laterally abroad from the body, while adduction brings the arm down to the side of the trunk. Similarly, abduction and adduction at the wrist moves the hand away from or toward the midline of the body. Spreading the fingers or toes autonomously is too abduction, while bringing the fingers or toes together is adduction. For the thumb, abduction is the anterior movement that brings the thumb to a 90° perpendicular position, pointing direct out from the palm. Adduction moves the thumb back to the anatomical position, next to the alphabetize finger. Abduction and adduction movements are seen at condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints (see Figure 9.12east).
Circumduction
Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular mode, in which one end of the torso region beingness moved stays relatively stationary while the other finish describes a circle. It involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. This type of move is found at biaxial condyloid and saddle joints, and at multiaxial ball-and-sockets joints (run into Figure 9.12east).
Rotation
Rotation tin occur within the vertebral column, at a pin joint, or at a brawl-and-socket joint. Rotation of the neck or torso is the twisting motion produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae. At a pivot joint, ane bone rotates in relation to another bone. This is a uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the simply motion immune at a pivot joint. For example, at the atlantoaxial joint, the beginning cervical (C1) vertebra (atlas) rotates around the dens, the upwardly projection from the 2nd cervical (C2) vertebra (axis). This allows the head to rotate from side to side equally when shaking the head "no." The proximal radioulnar articulation is a pin joint formed by the head of the radius and its articulation with the ulna. This articulation allows for the radius to rotate along its length during pronation and supination movements of the forearm.
Rotation can also occur at the brawl-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip. Here, the humerus and femur rotate effectually their long axis, which moves the anterior surface of the arm or thigh either toward or abroad from the midline of the body. Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the trunk is called medial (internal) rotation. Conversely, rotation of the limb then that the anterior surface moves abroad from the midline is lateral (external) rotation (see Figure 9.12f). Be sure to distinguish medial and lateral rotation, which can only occur at the multiaxial shoulder and hip joints, from circumduction, which can occur at either biaxial or multiaxial joints.
Supination and Pronation
Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. In the anatomical position, the upper limb is held adjacent to the trunk with the palm facing frontwards. This is the supinated position of the forearm. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the palm of the hand faces backward, the forearm is in the pronated position, and the radius and ulna course an X-shape.
Supination and pronation are the movements of the forearm that go between these two positions. Pronation is the movement that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm astern) position. This movement is produced by rotation of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, accompanied by movement of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint. The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head of the radius. Considering of the slight curvature of the shaft of the radius, this rotation causes the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. This crossing over brings the radius and ulna into an 10-shape position. Supination is the reverse move, in which rotation of the radius returns the basic to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position. Information technology helps to recall that supination is the move yous utilise when scooping upwardly soup with a spoon (see Figure 9.13g).
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle articulation, which is a swivel joint. Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion, while lifting the heel of the pes from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion. These are the only movements available at the ankle articulation (see Figure ix.13h).
Inversion and Eversion
Inversion and eversion are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal basic of the posterior pes (intertarsal joints) and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint. Inversion is the turning of the foot to bending the bottom of the foot toward the midline, while eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline. The foot has a greater range of inversion than eversion motion. These are important motions that help to stabilize the foot when walking or running on an uneven surface and assist in the quick side-to-side changes in direction used during agile sports such every bit basketball, racquetball, or soccer (see Figure ix.13i).
Protraction and Retraction
Protraction and retraction are anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible. Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing confronting something or throwing a ball. Retraction is the opposite movement, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column. For the mandible, protraction occurs when the lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin, while retraction pulls the lower jaw backward. (See Figure 9.xiiij.)
Low and Elevation
Depression and elevation are down and upward movements of the scapula or mandible. The upward motion of the scapula and shoulder is meridian, while a down move is low. These movements are used to shrug your shoulders. Similarly, tiptop of the mandible is the upwardly move of the lower jaw used to close the mouth or bite on something, and depression is the downward motility that produces opening of the mouth (see Figure 9.13yard).
Circuit
Excursion is the side to side movement of the mandible. Lateral circuit moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the correct or left side. Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline.
Superior Rotation and Inferior Rotation
Superior and inferior rotation are movements of the scapula and are defined by the management of motion of the glenoid cavity. These motions involve rotation of the scapula around a point inferior to the scapular spine and are produced by combinations of muscles acting on the scapula. During superior rotation, the glenoid cavity moves upward as the medial terminate of the scapular spine moves downward. This is a very important motion that contributes to upper limb abduction. Without superior rotation of the scapula, the greater tubercle of the humerus would striking the acromion of the scapula, thus preventing whatever abduction of the arm above shoulder elevation. Superior rotation of the scapula is thus required for full abduction of the upper limb. Superior rotation is likewise used without arm abduction when carrying a heavy load with your hand or on your shoulder. Y'all can experience this rotation when you lot choice up a load, such as a heavy book bag and behave it on only i shoulder. To increment its weight-bearing support for the handbag, the shoulder lifts every bit the scapula superiorly rotates. Inferior rotation occurs during limb adduction and involves the downward motion of the glenoid crenel with up movement of the medial end of the scapular spine.
Opposition and Reposition
Opposition is the thumb move that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger. This motility is produced at the first carpometacarpal joint, which is a saddle joint formed betwixt the trapezium carpal bone and the outset metacarpal os. Thumb opposition is produced past a combination of flexion and abduction of the thumb at this joint. Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called reposition (see Effigy ix.13fifty).
Movements of the Joints
| Blazon of Joint | Movement | Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Pivot | Uniaxial joint; allows rotational movement | Atlantoaxial joint (C1–C2 vertebrae articulation); proximal radioulnar joint |
| Hinge | Uniaxial joint; allows flexion/extension movements | Human knee; elbow; ankle; interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes |
| Condyloid | Biaxial articulation; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements | Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints of fingers; radiocarpal joint of wrist; metatarsophalangeal joints for toes |
| Saddle | Biaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements | Get-go carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; sternoclavicular articulation |
| Plane | Multiaxial joint; allows inversion and eversion of pes, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column | Intertarsal joints of foot; superior-junior articular process articulations between vertebrae |
| Ball-and-socket | Multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements | Shoulder and hip joints |
Table 9.1
Source: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/9-5-types-of-body-movements
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