Give Me Liberty Chapter 28 Review Questions Quizlet

Eric Foner: Give Me Freedom! An American History: Chapter notes, report guide, book outline.

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Requite Me Freedom! Chapter ane: A New World

Book Notes: Chapter 1: A New World

1. Preface

1. New Volume has been inverse significantly
2. Ppl are either really for history or against it. Betoken of volume is to prove how HIST is imp to us. It's also aimed at undergrad's with lilliputian or no noesis of AM history
3. History is what the present chooses to call back about the past.
4. There's a unifying theme about our history, and the fight for freedom.

1. Freedom, however, is not a fixed, timeless category w/ a single unchanging definition. The history of the US is the struggle and disagreements over liberty
2. It'south been a reality and a mythic ideal
3. This volume draws attending to three dimensions of freedom

1. The Meanings of Freedom
2. The Social Weather condition that brand freedom possible, and
3. The Boundaries of liberty that make up one's mind who is entitled to enjoy freedom and who is not
4. 1 person's freedom has often been linked to another's servitude

Civil Right's movement = called the "freedom movement" Each Chapter begins with a specific historical moment or incident that illuminates some of the major themes that follow. Each contains two brief documentary excerpts called "Voices of Freedom"

Chapter ane

Focus Q's

1. What were the major patterns of Native AM life in N-AM before Europeans arrived?
2. How did Indian and Euro ideas of freedom differ on the eve on contact?
3. What impelled Euro explorers to wait westward across the Atlantic?
4. What happened when the ppl's of the AM's came in contact with Europeans?
5. What were the main features of the Spanish empire in AM?
6. What were the chief features of the FR and Dutch empires in North AM?

All Chapter Notes

• Notes: Chapter ane
  
• Notes: Affiliate 2
  
• Notes: Chapter three
  
• Notes: Affiliate four
  
• Notes: Chapter 7
  
• Notes: Affiliate 8
  
• Notes: Chapter 9
  
• Notes: Affiliate ten
  
• Notes: Chapter 11
  
• Notes: Chapter 12
  
• Notes: Chapter 13
  
• Notes: Chapter 14
  

A New World

1. Discovery of AM was one of "the 2 greatest and about imp events recorded in the history of mankind". Historians no longer use the word "discovery" to describe it though

1. Major pop. decline in New World b/c of new settlers
2. 10 1000000 went to New World, 7.7 million were AF slaves
3. World offered opportunity for Euros. Some were met (gilt cities), land conquering was nigh possible/mutual reason.

The settling of America

1. The first inhabitants of AM got there around 15-threescore,000 yrs ago, then the glaciers melted and the link btwn all continents was under h2o.
2. Maize (corn) was popular in Western hemisphere. Absence of livestock made it harder to farm, though.
3. The Western hemisphere contained cities, roads, irrigation systems, extensive trade networks, and large structures such as pyramid temples
4. Indian societies of Americas

Scroll to Continue

1. Tenochtitlan, majuscule of Aztec empire, pop effectually 250k, one of the world's largest cities. Euro's called information technology "like an enchanted vision"
2. Incas - 12 one thousand thousand, complex system of roads and bridges along Andes Mtns.
3. Indians lacked metal tools and machines, gunpowder, and long distance navigation. No society had literacy. Also lacked wheeled vehicles. Europeans called their lifestyle a "backwardness".

1. However, they perfected techniques of farming, hinting and fishings

Mound builders of Mississippi Valley

1. They congenital large burying mounds and traded across half the continent (mainly through the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys)
2. Had a city w/ x,000-xxx,000 inhabitants. Most populated city since New York and Philly in 1800.

Western Indians

1. In Arizona, the Hopi and Zuni Indians. Declined probably b/c of drought. The survivors moved SE, where they perfected desert farming (corn, beans, cotton)
2. Were called the Pueblo Indians by the Spanish (b/c they lived in small villages)

Indians of Eastern North America

1. From the Gulf of Mexico to present solar day Canada. Fished, hunted deer, turkeys.

Most striking feature about Nat AM society at Euro time was its sheer variety.

1. Each group had its own political system and religious beliefs

When the Euro'due south arrived, many Indians saw them equally simply 1 group amid many. First thought to the Indians was to raise their standing in relation to other native ppls, rather than unite against them. Native American Faith

1. Common throughout was conventionalities that sacred spirits were in everything. Good spiritual powers, they thought, yielded good harvest
2. Didn't have a sharp distinction btwn natural and supernatural

Land and Property

1. Didn't exist in Indian eyes. Some tribes claimed specific areas course hunting but no one was idea to own the land
2. Indians didn't care virtually accumulation of wealth either. Status did affair, withal
3. Very few had rigid social distinctions. Few ever went hungry. Englishman described information technology as "no beggars amidst them"

Gender Relations

1. Women could divorce their husbands. Most Indian tribes were matrilineal (clans r kinship groups where children became members of the moms family unit
2. Leaders were men, but female elders helped select male leaders
3. Husbands lived with the family unit of the wife. England = women basically had no identity

European Views of the Indians

1. Regarded them in extremes, every bit "noble savages, or brutal savages
2. Ane called them "beautiful of stature and build"
3. Euro descriptions centered on three areas - faith, country utilise, and gender relations
4. Indians saw world as globe of spirits and souls, Euros saw it every bit a source of economical opportunity
5. Euros saw weak men and mistreated women. Men hunted (leisure in Eng), and women worked in fields. thought men were "unmanly"
6. Believed that in subduing the Indians, they were actually bringing them freedom - the freedom of truthful religion, private holding, and the liberation of both men and women from uncivilized and unchristian gender roles.

Indian Freedom, European Freedom

1. Indian Freedom

1. Euros concluded that the notion of "freedom' was alien to Indian societies
2. Pocket-sized calibration slavery did be in the Indian colonies. Very important to Indians was kinship ties and the well-existence and security of i's community.

Christian Liberty

1. Freedom to Euros meant abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ. Dissenters were persecuted.

Freedom and authorization

1. Freedom didn't have same degree for anybody. there was a hierarchy. Inequality into basically every human relationship. Men had authority over women.
2. Family life depended on man's dominance and woman'southward submission (Euros)

Liberty and Liberties

1. Liberties meant formal, specific privileges such equally self-government, exemption from revenue enhancement, or the right to practice a particular trade. Freedom divers every bit "privilege"

Expansion of Europe

1. Portuguese Navigation

1. China thought to be primary power, but it didn't want to expand overseas
2. Portugal adult the caravel, a ship capable of long-distance travel, and also developed the compass and the quadrant, both of which helped sailors make up one's mind their location westward/ greater accuracy than in the past.
3. Around 1400, Portugal rivaled Europe in economic importance.

Portugal and West Aftica

1. Africa - today is poorest. 15th century information technology was known for its wealth
2. Mansa Musa = ruler of Mali, had lots of gold
3. Portugal est. fortified trading posts along western coast of Africa.

1. The profits were called "factories", merchants called "factors"

Somewhen started taking slaves from AF and sending them to sugar plantations in Due north AM Freedom and Slavery in Aftica

1. Slaves used to be criminals, debtors, and captives in war. Soon became no ground for making someone a slave
2. Vasco de Gama - sailed around Cape Cod to Bharat. half dozen yrs earlier, however, Columbus thought he could sail W to get in that location

The Voyages of Columbus

1. Similar all navigators, he knew the earth was circular. Vikings traveled west before
2. Q Isabella of Espana finally supported his venture

Contact

1. Columbus in the New Earth

1. October 12th, 1492 was when he landed there. 33 days after leaving Canary Islands. Probably landed in San Salvador
2. Nicolas de Ovando - est beginning permanent Spanish base of operations w/ two,500 men
3. Columbus died thinking he reached Asia
4. Amerigo Vespucci - Motorbus of South America

Exploration and Conquest

1. Printing printing made everyone know nearly New Earth really fast
2. John Cabot reached Newfoundland (1497)
3. Ferdinand Magellan - led first expedition to canvass around the world
4. Hernan Cortez (1519) - first to run across a major American civilization (Tenochtitlan). Cortez conquered entire Aztec'due south with smallpox and weapons

The Demographic Disaster

1. Columbian Exchange - transatlantic menstruum of goodsf
2. European population around 1492 was 70 million. Ppl in N&S AM = 90-110 one thousand thousand.
3. Overall death was virtually 80 meg - close to 1/v of flesh in the first century and a half of contact due west/ Europeans. Greatest loss of life in homo history

The Spanish Empire - Middle of 16th century, Spain had huge Empire from Europe to America to Asia

1. Governing Spanish America

1. Spain's gov. rivaled that of aboriginal Rome. Cosmic Church also played significant tole in administration of Castilian colonies
2. Regal officials were generally appointees from Kingdom of spain, rather than criollos (ppl born in the colonies)

Colonists in Castilian AM

1. Large scale farms (haciendas) and gilded/silverish mines - Spanish landlords forced Indians to work on/in these
2. About ppl who went to New World from Spain just told AF slaves what to practise - lived a life of luxery

Colonists and Indians

1. Peninsulares - atop the social bureaucracy - was a very small portion of SP ppl
2. Eventually started mix marriages. Mestizos = ppl of mixed origens - big population of SP AM in 1600.

Justifications for Conquest

1. Hugo Grotius - asked the question , what allowed one nation to merits possession of lands that "belonged to someone else?"

Spreading the Failth

1. Protestant Reformation 1517 (Martin Luther) - Posted the 95 Theses. He argued against indulgences, believed the ppl should read the Bible for themselves, rather than relying on priests to interpret it for them.
2. Spain simply wanted to transform them into obedient Christians to the crown

1. Wanted to completely transform Indian culture and economical/spiritual lives

Piety and Profit

1. Enslaving Indians was justified as a means of liberating them from their backwardness and savagery.

Las Casas's Complaint

1. Pope Paul III, outlawed Indian enslavement 1537. He wrote "A Very Brief Acct of the Destruction of the Indies"
2. His writings denounced Espana for causing the deaths of millions of innocent ppl
3. Also said that SP deprived them of their freedom. He did want to convert Ind'southward

Reforming the Empire

1. New Laws made in 1542 - Indians could no longer be enslaved
2. Established the repartimiento system - residents of Indian villages remained legally gratuitous and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform fixed amt of labor per twelvemonth
3. Las Casa's writings eventually contributed to the spread of the Black Legend - the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer

Exploring North AM

1. Juan Ponce de Leon - conquered Puerto Rico, entered Florida looking for wealth, slaves, and the fountain of youth
2. Cabeza de Vaca - told of the seven golden citied of Cibola, somewhere over the horizon. Past the 17th century, all that was left were buffalo.
3. Coronado - Traveled into the continent. First Euro to see buffalo

Spanish Florida

1. Kingdom of spain wanted to est a armed services base in FL. Concluded up est-ing forts from nowadays-twenty-four hours Miami into Due south Carolina.
2. It failed to attract settlers, remaining an isolated war machine settlement

Spain in the Southwest

1. Onate - destroyed the "Sky City" and cut off anxiety of surviving men

1. He was returned to SP for mistreatment of Indians.

The Pueblo Defection

1. Pope was the leader who coordinated the uprising (Spanish= common language)
2. Most complete victory for Indians over Euros. Nevertheless, when Pope (accent on e) died in 1690, SP reconquered New United mexican states (1692)
3. B/c of this defection, Spain adult a more tolerant attitude towards the Indian religious practices

Voices of Freedom

1. From Bartolome de las Casas - He was the Dominican priest who dondemned the treatemtn of Indians in the Spanish Empire. His "History" contributed to the Black Legend

1. 'Indians put in extremely harsh conditions, beasts have more freedom. When they got sick, Spaniards kicked them and let them die (basically), Indians died maxim "Hungry, Hungry".

From Josephe - A Spanish speaking Indian questioned by royal attorney in Mexico Urban center investigating the Pueblo Defection

1. Said the God of the Spaniards was dead, and that the names of Jesus and Mary should never be uttered

The French and Dutch Empires

1. French Colonization

1. First of SP's major rivals in New Earth was French republic
2. FR wanted to find a Northwest Passage - sea route direct to the Pacific Ocean. FR didn't est perm. settlements in the New World until 17th century
3. Samuel de Champlain (sponsored by FR fur trading Co.) founded Quebec in 1608. Entire Mississippi R valley was eventually claimed by FR
4. Indentured servants (called engages) - returned abode after contracts were up (information technology was a feudal society). 80% migrants were men. FR also claimed Canada

New France and the Indians

1. New FR depended on friendly relations w/ local Indians. They prided themselves on adopting a more than humane policy towards Indians
2. Jesuits = missionary religious order who sought to convert Indians to Christianity, but gave Indians independence (contrary of SP)
3. Big on fur trade
4. Mixed ppls were called metis - became the interpreters, guides, and traders

The Dutch Empire

1. Henry Hudson - (Dutch E Bharat Co.) - sailed into New York Harbor hoping to observe a Northwest passage to Asia. Claimed the expanse for the Netherlands.

1. Est a post at Albany, then Manhattan Island (present solar day)

The Dutch invented the joint stock visitor - a way of pooling financial resources and sharing the chance of maritime voyages (key to commercialism) Dutch Freedom

1. Prided themselves in being a place of liberty, freedom, and refuge

Liberty in New Netherland

1. New Netherland - Non really governed democratically (no real gov established)
2. There was liberty in other areas. Some enjoyed "half-freedom" - required to pay an annual fee to the company and work when called upon, but given land to support families.
3. Women had more freedom than other colonies
4. Very tolerant of religious beliefs - attracted very diverse population

Settling New Netherland

1. Dutch W India Visitor promised religious toleration, cheap livestock, and country in exchange for 6 yrs of labor. New plan was "Freedoms and Exemptions" - offering large estates to patroons (shareholders who agreed to ship tenants for agricultural labor)
2. Only 9,000 ppl of NN stayed in AM, making it a pocket-sized group.

New Netherland and the Indians

1. Came to AM to trade, non to conquer. Aimed more at employing Indians rather than converting them (employing in fur merchandise)
2. Hardly free of disharmonize with the Indians. They did, however, est friendly relations with the Iroquois Indians (commercial and diplomatic)

Castilian, FR, and Dutch empires

1. All brought Christianity, new forms of engineering and learning, new legal systems and family relations, new forms of economical enterprise and wealth creation.

1. Also brought fell warfare and widespread disease
2. Also knew near each other's existence

Dreams of liberty inspired and justified coloinization

BEFORE Yous GO!

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yoonjung from Singapore on April 26, 2015:

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This weeks study guide focuses on the outset two chapters + personal notes.

I have not been able to find the reply to our kickoff question "According to Columbus's journals, what was his impression of the people he encountered?"( ie. the native americans) and I was wondering if you could tell me whether there was anything near Columbus's journals and his impressions, because in that location seems to be a lack in that location of when I have read through the chapters. Thanks so much.

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chasemillis (author) on January thirty, 2013:

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May I know when can I find the notes from chapter 15-28? Thanks.

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chasemillis (author) on October 24, 2012:

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Are you lot going to have notes on hither after Ch 9? Just wondering

chasemillis (author) on September 24, 2012:

No problemo everyone, merely make sure y'all learn something as you go through them. I'm not going to email the notes considering it'south the aforementioned thing that I'g posting online, and information technology's a lot more than of a hassle for me dealing with emails from random ppl that I don't know.

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Source: https://discover.hubpages.com/education/Notes-Give-Me-Liberty-An-American-History-Chapter-1

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